The Carbon Removal Portfolio

No single method will solve the problem. Real progress needs a portfolio of approaches at different costs and timescales:

• Reforestation — cheapest at $5-50 per ton, but land-hungry and vulnerable to wildfire
• Soil carbon — farming practices that build organic matter while storing carbon
• Biochar — biomass heated without oxygen, locking carbon into soil for centuries
• Direct Air Capture — permanent and verifiable, but the most expensive option today