The Two Principles of Justice

Rawls argued that rational people behind the veil would choose two principles. First, the maximum equal basic liberties for everyone — speech, assembly, conscience, voting. These rights cannot be traded away for economic gain.

Second, the difference principle: social and economic inequalities are allowed only if they benefit the least advantaged members of society. A CEO earning millions is acceptable only if that structure produces better outcomes for the poorest than any alternative would. Inequality has to earn its keep.