Environmental Engineering

The most effective tantrum prevention is invisible. It happens before the child enters a challenging situation. Going to the grocery store? Feed them first, bring a snack, give them a job: "You're in charge of finding the bananas." Set a time expectation.

The concept of choice architecture from behavioral economics applies perfectly. You do not eliminate boundaries. You restructure the environment so the path of least resistance leads to acceptable behavior. Good choices happen by design, not discipline.