The Race to the Bottom

Several nations and companies are competing to exploit the deep ocean. The seafloor contains polymetallic nodules — potato-sized rocks rich in manganese, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These metals are essential for batteries, smartphones, and renewable energy technology.

The International Seabed Authority regulates mining in international waters, but critics argue its rules are weak. Companies have begun test-mining the Clarion-Clipperton Zone of the Pacific, an area containing trillions of dollars worth of minerals.