How Math Responded

For centuries, Zeno's paradoxes seemed unanswerable. Then calculus arrived. Newton and Leibniz showed that an infinite series of shrinking terms can add up to a finite sum.

For the arrow specifically, calculus defines instantaneous velocity as a limit rather than a ratio of distance over time at a single point. So the arrow has a real velocity at every instant, even though no distance is crossed in zero time. Motion lives in the limit, not in any frozen snapshot.